Genetic modification introducing new/excluding existing genes (mono- and polygenic traits)

From practical reasons helper genes are used for easy selection of modified cells and their identification. The new genes are included in the genome and transferred to the progeny. Helper genes may but need not be transferred with them. The product of genetic modification is by most documents called Genetically Modified Organism (GMO), in the protocol to CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) known as the Cartagena Protocol Living Modified Organism (LMO). Genetic modification is a new technique, therefore it is regulated in most countries to avoid unexpected consequences. Based on accumulating experience rules for effective and safe use has been developed.